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Özgün Başlık Cumhuriyetin Kültür Kurumu Olarak Halkevi Binaları Yazarlar Ayşe Durukan, Türkan Ulusu Uraz Dergi Adı İTÜ Dergisi A : Mimarlık, Planlama, Tasarım Cilt Mart 2008, Cilt 7, Sayı 1, ss. 38-49 Anahtar Kelimeler Kemalist İdeoloji ; Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Mimarlığı ; Halkevleri ; Halkevi Binaları Özet Bu çalışma, 1930'lu yıllarda, Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Modernleşmesini ve Modern Mimarlığı'nı, Cumhuriyetin oluşturduğu sosyal kurumlardan biri olan Halkevi Binaları aracılığıyla anlamaya yöneliktir. Çoktan yok olmaya başlayan Cumhuriyet Mimarlığı'nın önemli bir üyesi olan Halkevleri, kurumsal ve mekânsal özellikleri açısından ele alınmaktadır. Söz konusu dönemde bazı Avrupa ülkelerinde ve Türkiye'de etkili olan devlet ideolojisi programı kapsamında ortaya çıkan bu kurumları, genelde dönemin ideolojik-politik gerçeklerine bağlı olarak anlamak ve açıklamak sıkça başvurulan yaygın bir yaklaşımdır. Ne var ki bu çalışma, Halkevlerinin ideolojik-politik boyutu yanında göz ardı edilen ya da çoğu kez ilişkili olarak değinilen kültür-eğitim boyutu üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Halkevlerinde yetişmiş birçok aydının, Kemalist ideolojiyi kitlelere ulaştırmada etkili olduğu bilinmekle beraber bu kurumların, yeni bir toplum yaratmayı başarmak amacıyla tasarlanmış “Halk Okulları” olduğunun altı çizilmektedir. Bu okullarda her yaş ve sınıftan bireyin, kadın ve erkeğin birlikte olduğu bir dizi etkinlikler programlanmakta ve daha da ötesi bu etkinlikleri gerçekleştirmek amacıyla oluşturulan mekânlar aracılığıyla da çağdaş bir yurttaş olma yolunda eğitim ve öğrenim vermek hedeflenmektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmada, özellikle kurumların kuruluşları sırasında ve faaliyette oldukları süre içinde üretilmiş her türlü yazılı dokümana başvurulmuş ve daha da önemlisi böyle bir kurumsal varlığın mekânsal karşılığı olan Halkevi Binaları, ulaşılabildiği ölçüde mevcut örnekler üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda konum, program ve mekânsal organizasyon konusunda analiz edilen örneklerde, çağdaş gereksinmeler, kamusal yaşam ve mekân ilişkisinin izleri aranmıştır. Başlık (Yabancı Dil) Community Centre Buildings as Cultural Institutions of the Young Republic of Turkey Anahtar Kelimeler (Yabancı Dil) Kemalist Ideology ; Architecture of the Early Republican Period ; Community Centres ; Community Centres Buildings Özet (Yabancı Dil) This study investigates Community Centre Buildings which were one of the most significant examples of the architectural reflection of the Modernity project realized within the context of a nation-state ideology in 1930's Turkey. By this way, exposing the contribution of architecture to Turkish modernization is mostly targeted. The 30's are identified as the transition period for Turkish architecture and the Turkish Republic ; as the main aim in this stage was to construct the nation-state in accord with the new regime. For the Turkish Republic, these years were the times in which modernization reforms were being reinforced and Kemalist ideology was trying to build up. In this part, an important duty was loaded to Community Centres instead of many institutions in Turkey. Within this period again, the globally influential Modern Architecture Movement also enters Turkey. Modern Architecture, which was the representation of a new vision and understanding towards history and society had common characteristics with the ideology of the new Turkish Republic. The 1930's also denote a period of transition from Ottoman styles to the Western Modernist Architecture of the new Republic. In parallel with this scheme, this research aims to explore Community Centres as representational cases of Modern Architecture. Community Centres have been a leading institution in formation of new Turkish society in social and cultural ways. In this respect, these buildings stand as the architectural reflections of westernization and modernization phenomena taking place in daily and social lives of the Turkish community. It is observed that communal buildings of such functions around the world have been associated with the governing party's ideology. These ideologies would change with the country as being Revolution in Turkey, Fascio Proletarian in Italy and Nazism in Germany. After establishment of Republic regime, modernization project which comprises many actions, especially public works showed its reality. During the period a densed building program was noticed. Community Centre Buildings were built besides schools, post offices, hospitals and train stations near government buildings and housing dwellings. In all cities and urban places building a Community Center is aimed. Building these houses is as important as an electric fabric, a park or a barrack for a city. All centres tried to give shows and concerts, to make meetings, to give useful courses for raising the cultural level of society. Therefore between 1932 and 1951 years, except London Community Centreonly the one in a foreign country, 478 community Centres and 4322 Community rooms have been built in different scales and in different cities. However, it is thought that reducing this institution to ideological and political dimension may cause an underestimation of its success in cultural life. As well as enhancing the new regime, and carrying ideological approaches, these institutions induced dynamism in cultural fields. These institutions helped creation of a contemporary, modern and secular environment, supporting Atatürk's vision of “reaching the contemporary civilization level”. Also, Community Centres were the associations for structuring Modern Turkey. While governing party CHP organized this structure politically, Community Centres did it in cultural and social means. This fact shows that it is not particularly correct to see Community Centers as solely ideological products. Furthermore, they stand as the symbols of modern life by providing socialization of women and men in a public space. The community, which used to socialize at mosques before, started gathering in Community Centers. Shortly, we can accept these centres, as one of the most effective means of Turkish modernization. The primary reason for considering Community Centres is the recognition of these institutions as the first representatives of Modern Architecture movement. Secondarily, it is believed that this research will help comprehension of sociology of architectural profession and the social organization of the time through Community Center Buildings. These buildings are appreciated as spaces or media of reaching community and raising cultural level, at a time when transition to democracy was not complete and educated people were rare. In conclusion, it is observed that the common ground for all of these institutions was to “enlighten”. |