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Özgün Başlık
Kuzey Kıbrıs'taki Tarihi Su Değirmenlerinin Koruma ve Yeniden Kullanım Önerileri

Yazarlar
Nurbanu Tosun Soyel, Zeynep Ahunbay

Dergi Adı
İTÜ Dergisi A : Mimarlık, Planlama, Tasarım

Cilt
Mart 2011, Cilt 10, Sayı 1, ss. 105-115

Anahtar Kelimeler
Su değirmeni ; Kıbrıs ; endüstri arkeolojisi ; yerel mimari

Özet
Su insan yaşamının önemli gereksinmelerinden biridir. Uzun ve kurak yazlar nedeniyle su sıkıntısı çeken bir ada olmasına karşın, Kıbrıs'ta su gücü 1200-1950 yılları arasında tahılların öğütülmesinde ana enerji kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır. Kıbrıs'ta su ile ilgili sistemlerin ilk olarak Roma döneminde kurulduğu bilinmektedir. Bizans ve Lüzinyan dönemlerinde bu sistemlerin sayısı artmış, ancak yeterli olmamıştır. Osmanlı döneminin daha ilk yıllarında vakıf kapsamında birçok su yolu, su kemeri ve değirmenleri yapılmıştır. Kırsal alanda yapılan incelemelerde endüstri arkeolojisi kapsamında incelenmesi gereken çok sayıda buğday öğüten su değirmeni tespit edilmiştir. Kıbrıs'ın tarihinin ve kırsal peyzajının bir parçası olan su değirmenlerinin gelecek kuşaklara aktarılabilmeleri, yapıları uygun bir işlevle kırsal yaşama kazandırmanın yanı sıra, özgün kimliklerini de korumaya bağlıdır. Çoğu harap durumda günümüze ulaşan su değirmenleri, yörede son yıllarda suyun azalması ve gelişen endüstrileşmeyle yarışamayarak terkedilmişlerdir. Bu nedenle tespit edilen onsekiz su değirmeni ve yirmi kadar kalıntı mimari, tarihi ve teknolojik miras olarak koruma altına alınmayı beklemektedir. Ege ve Akdeniz çevresindeki ülkelerde su gücü ile çalışan değirmenler ayrıntılı olarak incelenmeye başladığı halde, Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta bu yönde bir çalışma bugüne dek yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışma, teknoloji tarihinin ve kırsal peyzajın önemli bir bileşeni olan su değirmenle-rinin korunması için gerekli yasal temelin oluşturulmasını ve yeniden kullanım olasılıklarını irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kuzey Kıbrıs'taki değirmenlerin coğrafi dağılımı, özellikleri ve bugünkü durumları ve yeniden kullanımlarıyla ilgili öneriler tablolar halinde sunulmuştur.

Başlık (Yabancı Dil)
Historic Water Mills of Northern Cyprus and Proposals for Their Preservation and Re-Use

Anahtar Kelimeler (Yabancı Dil)
Water mill ; Cyprus ; Industrial heritage ; vernacular architecture

Özet (Yabancı Dil)
Water is one of the important requirements of life. In Cyprus, water was used as the main energy source for grinding grains between the years 1200-1950 in spite of long and dry summers. The first water conveyance systems in Cyprus were erected under Roman rule. During the Byzantine and Eleusinian periods, the number of such structures increased. Under Ottoman rule, various water conduits, aqueducts and mills were built as part of charitable foundations. During a survey of historic rural settlements in Cyprus remains of several neglected water mills was noted. This lead to a detailed study of old maps and more mills were spotted. Unfortunately, these traditional structures were deserted and without maintenance. The decrease of water in the recent years and the developments in technology lead to their abandonment. The mills need to be studied and preserved within the context of the industrial heritage of the island. As an important component of the rural landscape, they should be preserved with their original features and potentialities for their reuse should be investigated. Except one, the water mills from the pre-industrial period are examples of the old turbine type. According to Landels, the earliest example of this type of mill was built near Neocaeserea (modern Niksar) during the 1st century B.C. The mills in Cyprus were constructed using local technology and know-how. The construction of numerous mills and water coveyance systems by the Ottomans show the importance of water and its use as source of energy during their rule in Cyprus. Mills played an important role in the daily life of the rural people. They were rented and the income was used to run charitable institutions established by the Ottomans. As a result of the recent field survey, eighteen water mills were listed as worthy of being protected as part of the island's architectural, historical, technological heritage. The water mills in Cyprus have common features with the ones erected around the Mediterranean between the 18th-20th centuries. The majority of extant mills in Cyprus is from the Ottoman period and belongs to sultans' foundations. Unfortunately, no detailed studies were made on the mills in Northern Cyprus. The preservation of this important heritage and its transfer to the future generations demands research and funding for preser-vation. In order to achieve this goal, it was suggested to the Ministry of Tourism to initiate a project called “The Historic Water Mills and the Use of Water Power in Cyprus”. The aim of this research is twofold ; to document the water mills that are part of the technological history and rural landscape of Cyprus and to develop preservation and re-use proposals for them. With the help of historic documents, archives, a list of water mills that were built in Northern Cyprusduring the Ottoman period was compiled. The second step was the preparation of an inventory of the extant water mills. Eighteen mills were studied and recorded by 1 / 100 scale drawings. Conservation problems of the mills were noted ; re-use proposals were developed according to the needs of the nearby settlements. Projects to conserve the old mills in other Mediterranean countries were investigated. At the moment none of the watermills are in use. It might be possible to improve the situation, with the support of the government. A project which aims to reuse the mills within the context of cultural tourism, assigning new functions to the industrial heritage and displaying the original technical equipment was proposed. New visitor routes including watermills and aqueducts were defined. The itinerary of “Historic Water Mills”is expected to contribute to the increase of interest and thus support the efforts for the preservation of the significant structures in Northern Cyprus. The new itinerary may be linked to “ERIH”'s “industrial heritage itinerary. The reuse of the mills might lead to the rehabilitation of rural settlements ; thus improving the scene for the better. The project will be integrated to the cultural tourism projects of the European Commission. With the documentation acquired by this research, it is possible to go forward to develop the legal basis for the conservation of industrial heritage of Northern Cyprus. After scheduling, it might be possible to work on the chances for the conservation of the mills. The result of the survey conducted during the research, the data sheets containing information about the geographical distribution, architectural features, physical conditions and re-use proposals for the water mills in North Cyprus is presented in order to start the discussion.